Parent and Family Types

Authoritative: High Control and High Warmth
These parents fall in between the two types below, being flexible but firm, maintaining control and discipline but showing some reason and flexibility as well, and communicating expectations but allowing verbal give-and-take. They score as high on demandingness and responsiveness, and have clear expectations for behavior and conduct which they monitor, and their discipline fosters responsibility, cooperation, and self-regulation. their children cope the best, are individuated, mature, resilient, achievement oriented, self-regulated and responsible, and have the highest scores on tests of cognitive competence. Children from single parent authoritative homes did not differ from two parent authoritative homes, although girls from two parent homes showed greater functioning. Copied from the web.

Authoritarian: High Control and Low Warmth
These parents are highly directive, value obedience and are more controlling, show less warmth and nurturance and more distance and aloofness, and discourage discussion and debate. They are high on demandingness but low on responsiveness, maintaining order, communicating expectations, and monitoring the children carefully. Their children have a multitude of problems, and are less individuated and show lower internalization of pro-social values, ego development, and perform more poorly on cognitive tests and see their parents as more restrictive. they were also more likely to come from divorced families. Boys from single authoritarian homes had more problems than boys from two parent homes.

Permissive/Laissez Fairre: Low Control and High Warmth
These parents they make fewer demands, and allow the children to regulate themselves for the most part, using little discipline. They are higher on responsiveness but lower on demandingness, requiring little maturity and conventionalism, and avoid confrontation of problematic behavior. The children are less assertive, and less cognitively competent. their children were often smarter but less achievement oriented, showed less self-regulation and social responsibility, and were more likely to use drugs than the previous two. Only children from rejecting and neglecting homes are more likely to use drugs. More single parent homes fell in this group that the Authoritative or Authoritarian types. Copied from the web.

Rejecting/Neglecting: Low Control and Low Warmth
These parents are low on both demandingness and responsiveness; they do not structure, organize, discipline, attend and supervise... and may actively reject or neglect the children. The children cope the worst, and are the lest competent of the four groups. Their children are antisocial, lack self-regulation, have more internalizing and externalizing problems, lower scores on cognitive tests, are more immature and reject their parents as role models. They are most likely to use drugs and alcohol. More single parent homes fell in this group that the Authoritative or Authoritarian types.

by Baumrind, Journal of Early Adolescence 11(1) p. 56-95 1991
	In this article, Baumrind goes through her model of parenting style. Two factors emerge in parenting style factor analysis
		Demandingness: This relates to the demands the parents make on the child to be part of the family, their expectations for mature behavior, the discipline and supervision they provide, and their willingness to confront behavioral problems Responsiveness: This relates to fostering individuality, self-assertion, and regulation, as well as being responsive to special needs and demands
	Combining these two dimensions yields four kinds of parents, but keep in mind that some of her research is based mostly white middle class families and less on ethnic and lower SES families:
		Authoritative: High Control and High Warmth These parents fall in between the two types below, being flexible but firm, maintaining control and discipline but showing some reason and flexibility as well, and communicating expectations but allowing verbal give-and-take. They score as high on demandingness and responsiveness, and have clear expectations for behavior and conduct which they monitor, and their discipline fosters responsibility, cooperation, and self-regulation. their children cope the best, are individuated, mature, resilient, achievement oriented, self-regulated and responsible, and have the highest scores on tests of cognitive competence. Children from single parent authoritative homes did not differ from two parent authoritative homes, although girls from two parent homes showed greater functioning. Copied from the web. Authoritarian: High Control and Low Warmth These parents are highly directive, value obedience and are more controlling, show less warmth and nurturance and more distance and aloofness, and discourage discussion and debate. They are high on demandingness but low on responsiveness, maintaining order, communicating expectations, and monitoring the children carefully. Their children have a multitude of problems, and are less individuated and show lower internalization of pro-social values, ego development, and perform more poorly on cognitive tests and see their parents as more restrictive. they were also more likely to come from divorced families. Boys from single authoritarian homes had more problems than boys from two parent homes. Permissive/Laissez Fairre: Low Control and High Warmth These parents they make fewer demands, and allow the children to regulate themselves for the most part, using little discipline. They are higher on responsiveness but lower on demandingness, requiring little maturity and conventionalism, and avoid confrontation of problematic behavior. The children are less assertive, and less cognitively competent. their children were often smarter but less achievement oriented, showed less self-regulation and social responsibility, and were more likely to use drugs than the previous two. Only children from rejecting and neglecting homes are more likely to use drugs. More single parent homes fell in this group that the Authoritative or Authoritarian types. Copied from the web. Rejecting/Neglecting: Low Control and Low Warmth These parents are low on both demandingness and responsiveness; they do not structure, organize, discipline, attend and supervise... and may actively reject or neglect the children. The children cope the worst, and are the lest competent of the four groups. Their children are antisocial, lack self-regulation, have more internalizing and externalizing problems, lower scores on cognitive tests, are more immature and reject their parents as role models. They are most likely to use drugs and alcohol. More single parent homes fell in this group that the Authoritative or Authoritarian types.
	Doing real research yielded seven kinds of parents. There were the four above, plus
		Non-Authoritarian Directive: High Control and Mild Warmth This included parents who looked Authoritarian, but were not so intrusive and controlling as strictly Authoritative parents Copied from the web. Democratic: Mild Control and High Warmth This group included parents who were just as warm as Permissive parents, but more structured through democratic decision making Good Enough: Mild Control and Mild Warmth This included parents who had mild levels of both characteristics Combinations of low control and mild warmth, or mild control and low warmth were not significantly different from the Neglecting/Rejecting parents groups.

The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use
Richard Niolon, Ph.D. 11/00